{"id":61455,"date":"2025-11-11T01:52:28","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T00:52:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/?page_id=61455"},"modified":"2025-11-18T13:17:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T12:17:54","slug":"ai-kibernetinio-saugumo-priemoniu-rinkinyje","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/ai-in-cybersecurity-toolkit\/","title":{"rendered":"Kibernetinio saugumo priemoni\u0173 rinkinys"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"61455\" class=\"elementor elementor-61455\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d9cb6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c9d9cb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b34ab2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b34ab2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-title-color=\"#0E093A\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38978fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38978fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AI in Cybersecurity Toolkit<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0affaa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0affaa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Resources for cybersecurity educators<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9d3c3 elementor-absolute dce_masking-none elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d9d3c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;slideInRight&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/white-stair.svg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10938\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c80025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8c80025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9e1fa8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9e1fa8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" href=\"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/ai-in-cybersecurity-toolkit\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2b7e9a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2b7e9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Home<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b5506a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b5506a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" href=\"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/ai-in-cybersecurity-toolkit\/ai-in-cyber-defence\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0641b7d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0641b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AI in Cyber Defence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0406e81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0406e81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" href=\"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/ai-in-cybersecurity-toolkit\/ai-in-cyber-offence\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efeb8bd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efeb8bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AI in Cyber Offence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f34be9 pb-0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9f34be9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f3f21b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f3f21b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf7fadb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cf7fadb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fb2f9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fb2f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping the cybersecurity landscape, both as a tool for defense and as a weapon for offense. For educators, this dual role creates an urgent need to prepare students not only to harness AI for protection but also to understand how adversaries may exploit it in attacks.<\/p><p>On the defensive side, AI is already embedded in professional security environments, impacting all the different phases of the cyber incident lifecycle (e.g., prevention, preparedness, response and recovery). It powers log analysis, anomaly detection, malware investigation, and even awareness training, giving defenders greater speed, accuracy, and scalability. In the classroom, AI also opens new teaching opportunities by automating assessments, generating case studies, simulating real-world incidents, and designing interactive exercises that help students grasp complex cybersecurity concepts more effectively.<\/p><p>At the same time, AI is driving a new generation of offensive cyber operations. Malicious actors are weaponising generative AI to automate reconnaissance, personalise phishing campaigns, accelerate vulnerability discovery, or deploy adaptive malware. This transformation of the cyber kill chain has intensified the scale and sophistication of attacks worldwide, from ransomware to deepfakes and swarm malware. AI is thus both an enabler of cyberattacks and itself a target of adversarial exploitation, with vulnerabilities such as data poisoning and adversarial examples posing new risks.<\/p><p>This toolkit was developed by\u00a0<strong>Virtual Routes<\/strong>\u00a0as part of the\u00a0<strong>Cybersecurity Seminars Programme supported by Google.org<\/strong>, to provide teachers and students with resources in a constantly evolving field. It is based on a survey of participating universities and provides materials to help understand the impact of AI on cybersecurity, presenting its dual role as both a defensive and offensive tool.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc73ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bc73ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#FFFFFF00\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b29372 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b29372\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dc755b e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"0dc755b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"14447963\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479631\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479631\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479631\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tImpacts of AI on cybersecurity skills and roles\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479632\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479632\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479632\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCore AI competencies for cybersecurity\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479633\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479633\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479633\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tEthical and responsible use of AI in cyber defence\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479634\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479634\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479634\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSurvey methods and data\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479635\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479635\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479635\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tHow to navigate the toolkit\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479636\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479636\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479636\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tGlossary of terms\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479637\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-144479637\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-144479637\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 7;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tHow you can contribute\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479631\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479631\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-f4bcf52 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4bcf52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-523d455 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"523d455\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6819ff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6819ff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impacts of AI on Cybersecurity Skills<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14b2d3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a14b2d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bacf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74bacf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enisa.europa.eu\/topics\/skills-and-competences\/skills-development\/european-cybersecurity-skills-framework-ecsf\">European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF)<\/a> defines twelve key professional cybersecurity roles, together with the tasks, skills, knowledge, and competences needed across the sector. These roles range from technical functions such as threat intelligence and penetration testing to broader tasks such as risk management and education. We identified five main ways in which AI impacts the skills and competencies required for these roles:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8c408 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed8c408\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e87e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"8e87e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"8e87e37\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tData analysis and threat intelligence\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-8e87e37\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-d84f516 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d84f516\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-text-color=\"#E8EEFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-349596a elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"349596a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>ECSF: Cyber Threat Intelligence Specialist; Digital Forensics Investigator<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-8e87e37\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2173 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccf2173\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b44fbf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b44fbf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LLMs can accelerate the collection, correlation and summarisation of large volumes of threat reports, logs and indicators of compromise. Analysts are still required to validate findings, but their focus shifts from repetitive parsing to critical interpretation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d47606 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d47606\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf0c79e elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"cf0c79e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"cf0c79e\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncident detection and response\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-cf0c79e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-15e1696 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15e1696\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-text-color=\"#E8EEFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1be8a8 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1be8a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>ECSF: Cyber Incident Responder<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-cf0c79e\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-f010b03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f010b03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d7989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d7989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>AI can assist in anomaly detection, triage and initial reporting. Skills in validating alerts, contextualising incidents and deciding on proportional responses become increasingly important.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefae95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefae95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23dd707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"23dd707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"23dd707\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRisk assessment and compliance\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-23dd707\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-e8246c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8246c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-text-color=\"#E8EEFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fda39f3 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fda39f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>ECSF: Cyber Legal, Policy &amp; Compliance Officer; Cybersecurity Risk Manager; Cybersecurity Auditor<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-23dd707\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-459273e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"459273e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ff4f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ff4f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>AI can support automatic classification of sensitive data and preliminary risk scoring. Practitioners must apply judgement to assess whether AI-driven outputs align with regulatory and organisational requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bd1be1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bd1be1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82c3178 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"82c3178\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"82c3178\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSecure development and code review\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-82c3178\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-f0c75b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0c75b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-text-color=\"#E8EEFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c177f88 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c177f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>ECSF: Cybersecurity Implementer; Cybersecurity Architect; Penetration Tester<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-82c3178\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-dcf4350 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dcf4350\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2ae51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe2ae51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>AI-enabled code scanning highlights insecure patterns and proposes fixes. Professionals remain responsible for ensuring secure coding practices and for mitigating the risk of AI hallucinations or false positives as AI may also create insecure code.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8744b09 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8744b09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8161eb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"8161eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"8161eb7\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEducation and awareness\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-8161eb7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-b276113 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b276113\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-text-color=\"#E8EEFF\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b807ef elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b807ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>ECSF: Cybersecurity Educator; Cybersecurity Researcher<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-8161eb7\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-46da457 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46da457\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f47722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f47722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LLMs enable the generation of adaptive training scenarios, synthetic datasets and automated feedback. The educator\u2019s skillset evolves towards curating, validating and embedding AI resources responsibly into curricula.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479632\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479632\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-b89ec8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b89ec8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bda226e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bda226e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0e50d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0e50d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Core AI competencies for cybersecurity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d0abf elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f4d0abf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c245190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c245190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The ubiquitous adoption of AI requires all cybersecurity professionals, whatever their role, to develop new skills that contribute to the responsible, adaptive and effective use of AI tools. These core AI competences extend beyond familiarity with specific tools, and instead focus on the underlying capabilities required to work effectively in this rapidly evolving environment:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-277a3c0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"277a3c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-790da38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"790da38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"790da38\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1. Foundational understanding\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-790da38\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-cbe257b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbe257b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-790da38\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-b263582 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b263582\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f82569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f82569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>AI literacy<\/strong> to understand the capabilities and limitations of AI, and to integrate it safely into workflows without over-reliance or misplaced trust.<\/li><li><strong>Ethical awareness<\/strong> to identify risks relating to bias, privacy, accountability and security, ensuring that AI systems are deployed in ways that uphold professional and societal standards.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13ed55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a13ed55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dd312 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"d2dd312\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"d2dd312\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2. Evaluation and oversight\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-d2dd312\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-61223ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61223ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-d2dd312\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-294be13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"294be13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3347b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3347b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Critical evaluation<\/strong> to assess AI-generated outputs against trusted sources and contextual expertise, recognising when further validation or human judgement is required.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Explainability and transparency<\/strong> to interpret AI outputs, interrogate \u201cblack box\u201d models, and communicate results clearly to both technical and non-technical stakeholders, thereby strengthening trust in AI-assisted decisions.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Resilience and human oversight<\/strong> to design safeguards that prevent over-reliance on automation, ensuring robust safeguards and preserving human responsibility for critical decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c3b8c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c3b8c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659ba9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"659ba9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"659ba9d\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t3. Risk and data management\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-659ba9d\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-50c9597 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50c9597\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-659ba9d\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-931f294 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"931f294\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b400dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b400dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Data governance<\/strong> to ensure the quality, diversity and security of data used in AI systems, understanding that poor data management can introduce systemic vulnerabilities.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>AI risk management<\/strong> to anticipate and mitigate AI-specific risks such as hallucinations, adversarial manipulation, insecure code generation and data poisoning, embedding these considerations within broader cyber risk frameworks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad4e196 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ad4e196\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-def8212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"def8212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"def8212\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t4. Future-facing adaptability\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-def8212\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-5bec00e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bec00e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-def8212\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-86f6260 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86f6260\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5a16a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f5a16a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Continuous learning<\/strong> to update skills, monitor emerging threats, and engage with new developments in AI applications for cybersecurity.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Scenario thinking and foresight<\/strong> to anticipate how advances in AI may reshape technical, organisational and strategic levels of cybersecurity, and prepare professionals to respond to future challenges proactively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ac306 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9ac306\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1bd58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"7f1bd58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"7f1bd58\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\t5. Collaboration and communication\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-7f1bd58\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-c705831 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c705831\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-7f1bd58\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-c67afcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c67afcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76fb44e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76fb44e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>Interdisciplinary collaboration<\/strong> to work effectively with experts in law, policy, psychology and ethics, recognising that the responsible use of AI requires perspectives that extend beyond purely technical domains.<\/li><li><strong>Communication and trust-building<\/strong> to explain AI-enabled decisions with clarity and nuance, sustaining trust among all stakeholders involved.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7b2237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7b2237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>AI-driven automation of repetitive or lower-value tasks has raised urgent questions about workforce transformation and potential job displacement. However, while some analyst tasks may diminish, new demands arise around supervising AI outputs, validating findings, and addressing AI-specific risks such as hallucinations, insecure code generation, or adversarial manipulation. Rather than eliminating cybersecurity roles, AI shifts the skill profile towards oversight, governance, and human-AI collaboration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479633\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479633\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4b3f3f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b3f3f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2de09f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2de09f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e7837d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e7837d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ethical and responsible use of AI in cyber defence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc7824b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fc7824b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe12831 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe12831\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By optimising time, efficiency and resources, AI enables defenders to do more with less, lowering barriers to entry and strengthening the ability to detect and respond to increasingly complex cyber threats. As cyber incidents grow in scale and sophistication, AI\u2019s ability to process large amounts of data makes it indispensable. However, over-reliance on AI outputs introduces new vulnerabilities, particularly when those outputs are inaccurate or lack contextual understanding, raising several questions about ethics and responsible use:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b2c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90b2c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Key Ethical Concerns<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d82a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24d82a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e34c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"9e34c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"9e34c6c\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBias and discrimination\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-9e34c6c\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-7e29b98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e29b98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-9e34c6c\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-b7a58aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7a58aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6799c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf6799c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>AI models trained on biased or unbalanced datasets may unfairly flag certain user groups or regions as malicious. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=6-J322AAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6-J322AAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\">cybersecurity researchers trained an intrusion detection system on historic attack data<\/a> and found that it produced 30% more false positives for users in underrepresented regions, while balanced training led to fairer results. Similarly, AI may over-prioritise familiar attack types while underestimating emerging threats, creating defence gaps.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dcdb59 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1dcdb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zM140 300h116v70.9c0 10.7 13 16.1 20.5 8.5l114.3-114.9c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.2 0-16.9l-114.3-115c-7.6-7.6-20.5-2.2-20.5 8.5V212H140c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v64c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Key Principles: Fairness<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2adfd9 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2adfd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Ensure non-discriminatory outcomes by addressing algorithmic and data bias.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171134b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"171134b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-190061e elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"190061e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"190061e\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMonitoring and surveillance\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-190061e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-4573469 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4573469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-190061e\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-9423639 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9423639\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c0d327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c0d327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>AI-driven security requires large-scale monitoring of network traffic, login attempts and user behaviour, <a href=\"https:\/\/researchworkx.com\/index.php\/jci\/article\/view\/69\">creating detailed digital footprints<\/a>. This constant surveillance risks <a href=\"https:\/\/www.authorea.com\/users\/857462\/articles\/1262647-ethical-ai-for-cybersecurity-a-framework-for-balancing-innovation-and-regulation\">undermining user trust and raising consent issues<\/a>. Moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/researchworkx.com\/index.php\/jci\/article\/view\/69\">long-term data retention increases the chances of breaches<\/a>, and cloud-based processing raises <a href=\"https:\/\/researchworkx.com\/index.php\/jci\/article\/view\/69\">questions over cross-border data governance<\/a>.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a2d40d elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"2a2d40d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zM140 300h116v70.9c0 10.7 13 16.1 20.5 8.5l114.3-114.9c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.2 0-16.9l-114.3-115c-7.6-7.6-20.5-2.2-20.5 8.5V212H140c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v64c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Key Principles: Privacy and Data Protection<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aac1828 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aac1828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Safeguard personal and organisational data, respect consent, and minimise unnecessary collection.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78a7b78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78a7b78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db1c086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"db1c086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"db1c086\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAutonomous decision-making and unintended consequences\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-db1c086\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-13ef416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13ef416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-db1c086\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-ab27e4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab27e4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6fbe2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6fbe2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Automated measures such as account lockouts, IP blocking or network shutdowns may have unacceptable false positive or false negative rates, especially when automated decisions are not sufficiently informed by relevant context. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=6-J322AAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6-J322AAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\">In an experiment conducted by cybersecurity researchers<\/a>, AI-based systems successfully blocked 92% of threats but wrongly flagged 8% of legitimate activity as malicious. Such errors risk disrupting critical services, for instance in finance or healthcare, and complicate accountability for harm caused.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29bfcd2 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"29bfcd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zM140 300h116v70.9c0 10.7 13 16.1 20.5 8.5l114.3-114.9c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.2 0-16.9l-114.3-115c-7.6-7.6-20.5-2.2-20.5 8.5V212H140c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v64c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Key Principles: Transparency and Explainability<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcd62eb elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcd62eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Maintain human-in-the-loop mechanisms and clearly assign responsibility for AI-driven outcomes.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cdfae4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9cdfae4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c88a82a elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"c88a82a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"c88a82a\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOpacity of AI models\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-c88a82a\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-1c67169 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c67169\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-c88a82a\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-10a05d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10a05d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9baa2fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9baa2fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Many AI systems function as \u201cblack boxes\u201d, providing little insight into how they reach conclusions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/378571489_The_intersection_of_Artificial_Intelligence_and_cybersecurity_Challenges_and_opportunities\">In cybersecurity<\/a>, this lack of explainability can make it difficult for analysts to understand why legitimate traffic is flagged or why certain threats are prioritised, which can <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60087\/jklst.vol2.n2.p175\">undermine trust<\/a> and delay effective responses.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fae1243 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"fae1243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8c137 0 248 111 248 248S393 504 256 504 8 393 8 256 119 8 256 8zM140 300h116v70.9c0 10.7 13 16.1 20.5 8.5l114.3-114.9c4.7-4.7 4.7-12.2 0-16.9l-114.3-115c-7.6-7.6-20.5-2.2-20.5 8.5V212H140c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v64c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Key Principles: Transparency and Explainability<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefaef2 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fefaef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Make AI decision-making processes clear and interpretable for stakeholders.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40bd9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40bd9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>To put these principles into practice, organisations can draw on a combination of regulatory and technical tools to improve the trustworthiness of AI systems:<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e12cb5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e12cb5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-703dcec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"703dcec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0decf3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"0decf3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Regulatory measures <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4f27da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4f27da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466c173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"466c173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><strong>Regulatory measures<\/strong> include compliance frameworks such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng\">EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act)<\/a>, which introduces risk-based obligations, fundamental rights impact assessments and accountability mechanisms for high-risk AI systems. Other regulatory measures include algorithmic impact assessments to evaluate risks before deployment, compliance with data protection laws such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj\">GDPR<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/oag.ca.gov\/privacy\/ccpa\/regs\">CCPA<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.authorea.com\/users\/857462\/articles\/1262647-ethical-ai-for-cybersecurity-a-framework-for-balancing-innovation-and-regulation\">accountability frameworks<\/a> that allocate liability for AI-related errors. The development and adoption of internationally recognised standards and certifications provide additional compliance tools that help operationalise legal obligations, promote trust, and, to a certain extent, drive innovation by giving organisations the opportunity to experiment with product development within pre-determined guardrails.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5119559 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5119559\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-623fe13 elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"623fe13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1069ba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1069ba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9a81f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"b9a81f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1940\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1940\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Technical solutions <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1940\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1c60b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d1c60b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a2b2d6 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a2b2d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=6-J322AAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6-J322AAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\">Technical solutions<\/a> include fairness-aware machine learning methods, bias detection and mitigation techniques, privacy-enhancing technologies such as encryption and anonymisation, as well as explainable AI approaches that make decision-making processes more transparent. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=6-J322AAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=6-J322AAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\">Human-in-the-loop oversight and continuous monitoring of models<\/a> further ensure that automated systems remain accurate, ethical and aligned with organisational and societal values.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beaeab9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"beaeab9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"beaeab9\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tResources\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-beaeab9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-9928e19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9928e19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-beaeab9\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-45ebc8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45ebc8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f90d280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f90d280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?xOMYUj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chaganti, Krishna Chaitanya. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethical AI for Cybersecurity: A Framework for Balancing Innovation and Regulation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2025. https:\/\/www.authorea.com\/users\/857462\/articles\/1262647-ethical-ai-for-cybersecurity-a-framework-for-balancing-innovation-and-regulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?xOMYUj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chitimoju, Satish. \u2018Ethical Challenges of AI in Cybersecurity: Bias, Privacy, and Autonomous Decision-Making\u2019. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Computational Innovation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3, no. 1 (2023). https:\/\/researchworkx.com\/index.php\/jci\/article\/view\/69.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?xOMYUj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chris, Emmanuel. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethical Considerations in AI for Cyber Security<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 1 December 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?xOMYUj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sontan, Adewale Daniel, and Segun Victor Samuel. \u2018The Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity: Challenges and Opportunities\u2019. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Journal of Advanced Research and Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 21, no. 02 (2024): 1720\u201336.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/google-docs\/?xOMYUj\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vemuri, Naveen, Naresh Thaneeru, and Venkata Manoj Tatikonda. \u2018Securing Trust: Ethical Considerations in AI for Cybersecurity\u2019. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (Online)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2, no. 2 (2023): 167\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60087\/jklst.vol2.n2.p175. <\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479634\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479634\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-a77df21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a77df21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a22c96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a22c96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c60928b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c60928b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Survey methods and data<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05b963f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"05b963f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c9d00b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c9d00b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Virtual Routes conducted an online survey of 27 participating educators from universities across Europe. The questionnaire aimed to determine whether they currently use AI in their cybersecurity teaching, how they use it, their reasons for doing so, the specific tools and tasks involved, and whether they apply AI in the context of cybersecurity support provided to local community organisations (LCOs). Although not statistically significant, the responses provide insight into current practices and expectations, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges associated with integrating AI into cybersecurity education. The survey was supplemented by follow-up interviews to reach a better understanding of practical use cases.<\/p><p>A few key takeaways can be highlighted:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4d7623 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4d7623\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62df105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"62df105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"62df105\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly but growing use of AI\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-62df105\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-99efa03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99efa03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-62df105\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-b9b92a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9b92a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2771260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2771260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Of the 27 respondents, most (22) said they were already experimenting with AI tools in their teaching, particularly in cybersecurity seminars organised by Google.org. However, adoption is still in its early stages and is often limited to specific tasks rather than systematic integration. Five respondents indicated that they were not yet using AI.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29ea056 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29ea056\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab48974 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"ab48974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"ab48974\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tVaried use cases\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-ab48974\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-606863c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"606863c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-ab48974\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-439e9f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"439e9f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e43d4f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e43d4f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most common applications involve general writing and data collection\/analysis tasks (using common LLMs), data synthesis, and specialised cybersecurity tasks such as anomaly detection, attack surface mapping, malware analysis, and hands-on labs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7307dba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7307dba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27edb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"27edb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"27edb76\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMotivations for adoption\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-27edb76\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-f3fc6d4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f3fc6d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-27edb76\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-e7f5386 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7f5386\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de11eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4de11eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cybersecurity educators primarily use AI to help students prepare for the workplace, to support self-directed learning and self-assessment, and to save time on pedagogical tasks such as exercise creation, grading, and content generation. Many also see the value of using AI to illustrate key cybersecurity concepts and scenarios.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e106ea9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e106ea9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801dfc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"801dfc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"801dfc5\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tApplication in community services\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-801dfc5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-6b68c61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b68c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-801dfc5\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-f1c2d23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1c2d23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d05a6c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d05a6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Approximately half of respondents (15 out of 27) stated that they were already using or planned to use AI to provide cybersecurity support to local community organisations (LCOs), a key aspect of the Google.org Cybersecurity Seminars. This demonstrates a growing link between the exploration of AI tools in the classroom and their application in real-world community contexts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe79df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfe79df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af6b234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-marcs-collapsible-content\" data-id=\"af6b234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"marcs-collapsible-content.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-wrapper\" data-widget-id=\"af6b234\" data-default-state=\"closed\" data-animation-duration=\"300\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-heading\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEducators\u2019 needs and expectations\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"marcs-collapsible-content-af6b234\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-toggle-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-closed\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"marcs-collapsible-icon-opened\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- First nested container: Content Area -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-area elementor-element elementor-element-077e30e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"077e30e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<!-- Second nested container: Collapsible Content -->\n\t\t\t<div id=\"marcs-collapsible-content-af6b234\" class=\"marcs-collapsible-content-wrapper marcs-collapsible-hidden elementor-element elementor-element-2dad4b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2dad4b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58d99ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58d99ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Several respondents expressed interest in receiving guidance and examples on how to effectively integrate AI into cybersecurity education. They highlighted the need for best practices, shared resources, and case studies to move from experimentation to more structured and effective use of AI in teaching and service delivery.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479635\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479635\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7632308 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7632308\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41639be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41639be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e76861 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e76861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Navigate the Toolkit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cded736 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cded736\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da6677 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4da6677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This toolkit is organised into two parts, reflecting the dual role of AI in cybersecurity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a0348 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0a0348\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6ed06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc6ed06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AI in cyber defence<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c83c7fa elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c83c7fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How AI changes cyber defence across the cyber incident lifecycle: <\/strong><\/p><p>The first part examines the impact of AI on cyber defence, outlining how AI tools support cyber defense across the incident lifecycle of prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. It highlights concrete applications such as attack surface mapping, anomaly detection, and secure code development, and illustrates these with case studies and references for further study.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2421c9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2421c9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a357f10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a357f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AI in cyber offence<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7848b6 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7848b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How AI changes the Cyber Kill Chain: <\/strong><\/p><p>The second part addresses the impact of AI on cyber offence, focusing on how AI reshapes the Cyber Kill Chain. It considers how AI enables attackers to automate and enhance stages such as reconnaissance, weaponisation, and delivery, while also introducing novel forms of attack. Case examples and further readings provide context for understanding these developments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479636\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479636\" data-tab-index=\"6\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 6;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7fc629f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fc629f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe376f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe376f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd45469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd45469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glossary of terms<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-683c02b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"683c02b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df381d2 elementor-align-start elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"df381d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Adversarial AI:<\/strong> a set of techniques where attackers manipulate AI models (e.g., bypassing detection systems, poisoning training data).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Adversarial attacks:<\/strong> data modified to deceive AI systems (e.g., slightly altered malware to evade AI-based antivirus software).  <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Adversarial examples:<\/strong> malicious data designed to mislead AI models (e.g., distorted images or text).   <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Alignment:<\/strong> ensuring that the objectives of AI systems are consistent with human intentions.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Artificial intelligence (AI):<\/strong> a field of computer science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that require human intelligence, such as threat detection, abnormal behaviour analysis, or automated response to cybersecurity incidents.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>AI explainability (XAI):<\/strong> methods that make AI decisions understandable to humans.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>AI safety:<\/strong> ensuring that AI systems behave as expected and do not introduce new vulnerabilities.  <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Bias in AI:<\/strong> systemic errors in AI results caused by unbalanced or biased training data.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Data poisoning:<\/strong> a type of adversarial attack where malicious or corrupted data is inserted into training datasets to degrade model performance or introduce vulnerabilities.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Deep learning (DL):<\/strong>a type of machine learning that uses multi-layer neural networks to analyse complex data (e.g., images, network logs), often used for malware classification or intrusion detection. Neural networks help process raw data at the heart of DL algorithms, helping to identify, classify and improve hidden correlations and patterns in raw data (neural networks include artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks depending on applications).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Distribution shift:<\/strong> risk that AI models become ineffective if real-world data differs from training data.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Ethical AI:<\/strong> principles ensuring that AI is used fairly, responsibly and transparently in cybersecurity.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Fine-tuning:<\/strong> the process of adapting a pre-trained model to a specific task or dataset, often requiring less data and computational resources than training from scratch.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Machine learning (ML):<\/strong> a subset of AI in which systems learn from data to identify patterns (e.g., malware signatures, suspicious network traffic) and make decisions or predictions.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Model:<\/strong> a mathematical representation of a system trained on data to perform tasks such as classification, prediction, or generation in AI and machine learning.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Model weights:<\/strong> numerical parameters learned during training that determine how an AI model processes inputs to produce outputs. Adjusting weights allows the model to recognise patterns and make accurate predictions.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Prompt injection:<\/strong> a technique used to manipulate large language models by inserting crafted instructions into inputs, causing the model to ignore or override its original task and produce unintended outputs.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Reinforcement learning:<\/strong> a method in which AI learns to make optimal decisions through trial and error in simulated environments.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Robustness:<\/strong> the ability of AI to function reliably under changing conditions (for example when faced with new adversaries).<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Supervised learning:<\/strong> a method that involves training models using labelled data for classification.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Synthetic data:<\/strong> artificially generated data used to train AI models when real-world data is scarce or sensitive.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><strong>Unsupervised learning:<\/strong> a method for identifying hidden patterns in unlabelled data.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-144479637\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-144479637\" data-tab-index=\"7\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 7;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ee77a59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee77a59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-346d1f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"346d1f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1d0c05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1d0c05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How You Can Contribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794b2d7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"794b2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcecd4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcecd4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Are you using an open-source AI solution to train students on cybersecurity, or do you have other publicly available resources to share for teaching about AI and cybersecurity (whether AI-based or not)?<br \/><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We\u2019d love to hear from you. Please email us at <\/span><b><span \n                data-original-string='TTudBCKe336N04coiG7Rpg==d014AKiyReu\/xWHyxGsUhzhBi6bry1nPd+ZdvpA9ZZXqfM='\n                class='apbct-email-encoder'\n                title='This contact has been encoded by Anti-Spam by CleanTalk. Click to decode. To finish the decoding make sure that JavaScript is enabled in your browser.'>co*****@************es.org<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we\u2019ll share your contributions with the wider community and ensure this toolkit is kept up to date.<\/span><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0160\u012f priemoni\u0173 rinkin\u012f pareng\u0117 Virtual Routes pagal \"Google.org\" remiam\u0105 Kibernetinio saugumo seminar\u0173 program\u0105, kad mokytojams ir mokiniams b\u016bt\u0173 suteikta nuolat besikei\u010dian\u010dios srities i\u0161tekli\u0173. Jis parengtas remiantis dalyvaujan\u010di\u0173 universitet\u0173 apklausa ir jame pateikiama med\u017eiaga, padedanti suprasti AI poveik\u012f kibernetiniam saugumui, pristatant dvejop\u0105 jo, kaip gynybin\u0117s ir puolamosios priemon\u0117s, vaidmen\u012f.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":55699,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"This toolkit was developed by\u00a0Virtual Routes\u00a0as part of the\u00a0Cybersecurity Seminars Programme supported by Google.org, to provide teachers and students with resources in a constantly evolving field. It is based on a survey of participating universities and provides materials to help understand the impact of AI on cybersecurity, presenting its dual role as both a defensive and offensive tool.","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","_seopress_news_disabled":"","_seopress_video_disabled":"","_seopress_video":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas_manual":[],"_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable_all":"","_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas":[],"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-61455","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61455"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62967,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61455\/revisions\/62967"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55699"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-routes.org\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}